Suchergebnisse

The development of democracy in Central and Eastern Europe has become a popular subject of research since the collapse of the USSR. Many scholars have produced comparative studies gathering diverse data and providing interpretations. However, not much has been published on the relation between civil society and democracy, and the way in which non-governmental organizations, as a part of civil society, impact democracy. This is the first in a series of articles analysing, on the qualitative and quantitative bases, the influence of civil society on the development of democracy in the Baltic States, by applying meta-analyses. In tackling the objective of this study, the article uses correlation on thirty four impact factors defining the primary impact of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on democracy and thirty six NGOs' secondary impact factors. The primary factors are more important for the interpretation of impact contexts. The importance of secondary factors could be valuable as well, though it should be noted that their role could be questionable. The secondary factors impact the development and professionalism of the NGO sector, which in turn influences democracy. Therefore, secondary factors can be seen as consequential, though not directly. ; Demokratijos plėtra Centrinėje ir Rytų Europoje žlugus Sovietų Sąjungai tapo vienu pagrindiniu socialinių mokslų tyrimo objektu. Mokslininkai atliko lyginamąsias analizes remdamiesi įvairiais kiekybiniais ir kokybiniais duomenimis, tačiau pilietinės visuomenės ir demokratijos santykis bei būdai, kaip nevyriausybinės organizacijos, būdamos pilietinės visuomenės dalis, veikia demokratijos plėtrą, nėra pakankamai tiriama. Šis straipsnis yra pirmoji metaanalizės rezultatų, kurie parodė, kaip pilietinė visuomenė veikia demokratiją Baltijos šalyse, dalis. Jame pateikiama koreliacinės analizės rezultatai, kurie leido nustatyti trisdešimt keturis NVO pirminės įtakos demokratijai ir trisdešimt šešis NVO antrinės įtakos demokratijai faktorius. Pažymėtina, kad pirminiai įtakos faktoriai yra svarbesni analizuojant įtakos diskursus, tačiau antrinės įtakos faktorių svarba taip pat nėra kvestionuojama, nes jie veikia nevyriausybinių organizacijų sektorių, o tai savo ruožtu daro įtaką demokratijos plėtrai, todėl antriniai faktoriai taip pat naudojami tolesniuose metaanalizės etapuose, nors jų įtaka ir yra netiesioginė.

This article addresses the question of how the emergence and development of NGOs differ in respect to their environmental form in different Baltic states. Attempting to do this, the research looks at three important aspects related to third sector building and performance in the Baltic States. Firstly, the article describes the main political features and roles of the civil society in the development of democracy by using collective action theory. Secondly, it analyzes the conditions for the emergence ofNGOs in contemporary Baltic countries, while involving the theory of region building and theory ofP. Joenniemi about the emergence ofNGOs. The article considers a few periods: before 1991 and after till 2006, while dividing it into four periods before 1991, and 1991-1997, 1998-2003, 2004-2006. The following helps to identify the peculiarities more objectively and assess broader results of participation while adapting collective action theory. As a result, the article assumes that the development of civil society is progressive, but not sufficient in the context of international issues and public motivation. ; Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama nevyriausybinių organizacijų kūrimo ir plėtros tendencijos skirtingose Baltijos šalyse: Estijoje, Latvijoje, Lietuvoje. Aptariami pagrindiniai pilietinės visuomenės politiniai bruožai ir jų vaidmuo Baltijos šalių demokratiniuose procesuose taikant kolektyvinių veiksmų teoriją. Taip pat straipsnyje tiriama nevyriausybinių organizacijų aplinka Baltijos šalių regione, pateikiama pilietinės visuomenės plėtros galimybių istorinė apžvalga bei analizuojama pritaikant regionų kūrimo ir P. Joenniemi modelių teorijas. Nagrinėjant pilietinės visuomenės plėtros tendencijas ir jų įtaką Baltijos šalių regionui pasirenkamas 1991-2006 m. laikotarpis, kuris skirstomas i smulkesnius periodus. Taip suskirsčius geriau atlikti objektyvų vertinimą ir susisteminti daugiau statistinių duomenų, leidžiančių išsamiau analizuoti pilietinės visuomenės dalyvavimo tendencijas ir atkreipti dėmesį i tuos faktorius, kurie lėmė pilietinės visuomenės keitimąsi per pastaruosius dešimtmečius: politinę aplinką; reformas; vertybių kaitą ir kt. Straipsnio pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados, leidžiančios daryti prielaidą, kad pilietinė visuomenė Baltijos šalyse yra progresyvi, tačiau jaučiama internacionalizavimo ir motyvacinės sistemos plėtros stoka.

This is the second part of meta-analysis on the interrelation between NGOs and democracy in Baltic States. The relation is monitored by integrating the regression technique to find out which factors have contributed most to the development of democracy. The assessment by integrating the model of traffic light has been applied to determine the effectiveness of factors and the level of their development in the context of democracy. The results of the research show that third sector does impact democracy in the Baltic States, secondly that in all three countries the ways in which NGOs influence democracy differ, thirdly as well as the level of influence towards democracy differs. ; Šis straipsnis yra antroji meta-analizės dalis, kurią taikant nagrinėjamas santykis tarp nevyriausybinių organizacijų sektoriaus ir demokratijos. Tas santykis vertinamas taikant regresija, kuri leidžia nustatyti NVO įtakos faktorius, turėjusius didžiausios įtakos ir prisidėjusius prie demokratijos plėtros Baltijos šalyse bendrai ir kiekvienoje iš Baltijos šalių atskirai. Straipsnyje taikomas individualus "šviesoforo" modelis, kurį taikant vertinamas įtakos faktorių efektyvumas demokratijos kontekste. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad nevyriausybinių organizacijų sektorius daro įtaką demokratijos plėtrai Baltijos šalyse. Daroma prielaida, kad svarbiausi NVO įtakos faktoriai, taip pat įtakos efektyvumo lygmuo visose Baltijos šalyse skiriasi. Tyrimo rezultatai ne tik leido palyginti nevyriausybinių organizacijų įtaką demokratijos plėtrai Baltijos šalyse, bet taip pat parodė kiekybinius ir kokybinius NVO įtakos segmentus, kurie gali būti taikomi ir toliau plėtojant šį tyrimą, taip pat taikomi analizuojant demokratijos plėtrą ir kitose šalyse.

This is the second part of meta-analysis on the interrelation between NGOs and democracy in Baltic States. The relation is monitored by integrating the regression technique to find out which factors have contributed most to the development of democracy. The assessment by integrating the model of traffic light has been applied to determine the effectiveness of factors and the level of their development in the context of democracy. The results of the research show that third sector does impact democracy in the Baltic States, secondly that in all three countries the ways in which NGOs influence democracy differ, thirdly as well as the level of influence towards democracy differs.

This is the second part of meta-analysis on the interrelation between NGOs and democracy in Baltic States. The relation is monitored by integrating the regression technique to find out which factors have contributed most to the development of democracy. The assessment by integrating the model of traffic light has been applied to determine the effectiveness of factors and the level of their development in the context of democracy. The results of the research show that third sector does impact democracy in the Baltic States, secondly that in all three countries the ways in which NGOs influence democracy differ, thirdly as well as the level of influence towards democracy differs.

This article analyzes the development of the third sector in all three Baltic States in the context of legal environment. The aim of the article is to evaluate the influence of legal environment to the development of third sector. The subject of the analysis – the impact discourses of legal environment on the development of third sector. For the purposes of the analysis, these methods are applied: NGOs Sustainability Index, correlation, and comparative methods. The article is divided into two sections. The first section describes the logic behind NGOs Sustainability Index through enumeration of the component factors and clarification of the relative measures, and attempts to evaluate the development of the legal environment that applies to the third sector. The second section applies correlation for the purposes of determination of the legal environment impact on the development of third sector.

This article analyzes the development of the third sector in all three Baltic States in the context of legal environment. The aim of the article is to evaluate the influence of legal environment to the development of third sector. The subject of the analysis – the impact discourses of legal environment on the development of third sector. For the purposes of the analysis, these methods are applied: NGOs Sustainability Index, correlation, and comparative methods. The article is divided into two sections. The first section describes the logic behind NGOs Sustainability Index through enumeration of the component factors and clarification of the relative measures, and attempts to evaluate the development of the legal environment that applies to the third sector. The second section applies correlation for the purposes of determination of the legal environment impact on the development of third sector.

The development of democracy in Central and Eastern Europe has become a popular subject of research since the collapse of the USSR. Many scholars have produced comparative studies gathering diverse data and providing interpretations. However, not much has been published on the relation between civil society and democracy, and the way in which non-governmental organizations, as a part of civil society, impact democracy. This is the first in a series of articles analysing, on the qualitative and quantitative bases, the influence of civil society on the development of democracy in the Baltic States, by applying meta-analyses. In tackling the objective of this study, the article uses correlation on thirty four impact factors defining the primary impact of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on democracy and thirty six NGOs' secondary impact factors. The primary factors are more important for the interpretation of impact contexts. The importance of secondary factors could be valuable as well, though it should be noted that their role could be questionable. The secondary factors impact the development and professionalism of the NGO sector, which in turn influences democracy. Therefore, secondary factors can be seen as consequential, though not directly.

The development of democracy in Central and Eastern Europe has become a popular subject of research since the collapse of the USSR. Many scholars have produced comparative studies gathering diverse data and providing interpretations. However, not much has been published on the relation between civil society and democracy, and the way in which non-governmental organizations, as a part of civil society, impact democracy. This is the first in a series of articles analysing, on the qualitative and quantitative bases, the influence of civil society on the development of democracy in the Baltic States, by applying meta-analyses. In tackling the objective of this study, the article uses correlation on thirty four impact factors defining the primary impact of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on democracy and thirty six NGOs' secondary impact factors. The primary factors are more important for the interpretation of impact contexts. The importance of secondary factors could be valuable as well, though it should be noted that their role could be questionable. The secondary factors impact the development and professionalism of the NGO sector, which in turn influences democracy. Therefore, secondary factors can be seen as consequential, though not directly.

This article analyzes the development of the third sector in all three Baltic States in the context of legal environment. The aim of the article is to evaluate the influence of legal environment to the development of third sector. The subject of the analysis – the impact discourses of legal environment on the development of third sector. For the purposes of the analysis, these methods are applied: NGOs Sustainability Index, correlation, and comparative methods. The article is divided into two sections. The first section describes the logic behind NGOs Sustainability Index through enumeration of the component factors and clarification of the relative measures, and attempts to evaluate the development of the legal environment that applies to the third sector. The second section applies correlation for the purposes of determination of the legal environment impact on the development of third sector. ; Skirtingų šalių mokslininkai: A. Uhlinas, T. Vanhanenas, L. Diamondas ir kiti atlieka lyginamuosius tyrimus, remdamiesi gausiais statistikos duomenimis bei originalių tyrimų rezultatais, ir taip formuluoja išvadas, pabrėždami trečiojo sektoriaus efektyvios plėtros galimybes. Tačiau daugiausia tyrimų apima Lenkiją, Čekiją, Slovakiją, Vengrijos Respubliką ar net Rusijos Federaciją, bet maža jų dalis yra siejama su Baltijos šalimis. Pažymėtina ir tai, kad nėra pakankamai analizuojamos trečiojo sektoriaus ir teisinės aplinkos kūrimo sąsajos. Straipsnyje yra analizuojama trečiojo sektoriaus plėtra trijose Baltijos šalyse, kuriant teisinę aplinką. Straipsnio tikslas yra ištirti teisinės aplinkos kūrimo įtaką trečiojo sekotriaus plėtrai. Straipsnio objektas – teisinės aplinkos įtakos diskurso kontekstai trečiojo sektoriaus plėtrai. Darbe kompleksiškai taikomi įvairūs metodai: NVO tvarumo indeksas, koreliacija, lyginamasis metodas. Taikant juos išsamiai analizuotos teisinės aplinkos ir trečiojo sektoriaus sąsajos bei nustatyti įtakos veiksniai. Straipsnis yra suskirstytas į dvi dalis. Pirmojoje dalyje yra aprašomas NVO tvarumo indeksas bei atliekamas teisinės aplinkos įtakos trečiojo sektoriaus plėtrai vertinimas. Antrojoje dalyje yra taikoma koreliacija, leidžianti nustatyti, kurie teisinės aplinkos elementai turi didžiausios įtakos trečiajam sektoriui. Teorinė ir empirinė diskusijos darbe parodė, kad teisinės aplinkos kūrimas prisideda prie trečiojo sektoriaus plėtros, tačiau įvairiapusis prisidėjimas konstruoja sudėtingą dviejų reiškinių tarpusavio santykį. Viena vertus, teisinės aplinkos atskiri elementai gali turėti teigiamą poveikį, kita vertus, Baltijos šalių regione jie gali sukelti ir neigiamus padarinius.

This article addresses the question of how the emergence and development of NGOs differ in respect to their environmental form in different Baltic states. Attempting to do this, the research looks at three important aspects related to third sector building and performance in the Baltic States. Firstly, the article describes the main political features and roles of the civil society in the development of democracy by using collective action theory. Secondly, it analyzes the conditions for the emergence ofNGOs in contemporary Baltic countries, while involving the theory of region building and theory ofP. Joenniemi about the emergence ofNGOs. The article considers a few periods: before 1991 and after till 2006, while dividing it into four periods before 1991, and 1991-1997, 1998-2003, 2004-2006. The following helps to identify the peculiarities more objectively and assess broader results of participation while adapting collective action theory. As a result, the article assumes that the development of civil society is progressive, but not sufficient in the context of international issues and public motivation.

This article addresses the question of how the emergence and development of NGOs differ in respect to their environmental form in different Baltic states. Attempting to do this, the research looks at three important aspects related to third sector building and performance in the Baltic States. Firstly, the article describes the main political features and roles of the civil society in the development of democracy by using collective action theory. Secondly, it analyzes the conditions for the emergence ofNGOs in contemporary Baltic countries, while involving the theory of region building and theory ofP. Joenniemi about the emergence ofNGOs. The article considers a few periods: before 1991 and after till 2006, while dividing it into four periods before 1991, and 1991-1997, 1998-2003, 2004-2006. The following helps to identify the peculiarities more objectively and assess broader results of participation while adapting collective action theory. As a result, the article assumes that the development of civil society is progressive, but not sufficient in the context of international issues and public motivation.

Civil society could be expressed by itself in a large variety of forms: individual initiatives through social movements, associations, non-governmental organizations, societies and other organizations. "Civil society is the location from where legitimacy must be obtained if one is to talk of a democratic political system" [4, p. 25]. It is impossible to determine one model or one discourse for civil society, as well as the definition of civil society is not unique either. Taking into consideration the differentiation of "concepts" of civil society, the development of civil society in the article in a way is seen through NGOs - as a relation among public component in the Baltic countries. The aim of the article is to provide empirical insights, which contrast with the normative assumptions that often underlie the "new civil society participation" literature and discourse of policy-makers, in particular in terms of participation. The Dahl criteria for democracy: deci-sion making processes, freedom of expression, access to information and right to freedom of association have been chosen aiming at evaluation of civil participation. The criteria have determined the structure of the article in the context of theoretical analysis. The analysis is also based on comparative method, and it involves three Baltic States: Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. ; Pilietinė visuomenė gali pasireikšti įvairiomis formomis: individų iniciatyvumu per socialinius judėjimus, asociacijas, nevyriausybines organizacijas, bendruomenes ir kitas organizacijas. "Demokratinės politinės sistemos kontekste Pilietinė visuomenė yra legitimumo branduolys" [4, p. 25]. Pažymėtina, kad išskirti vieną pilietinės visuomenės modeli arba diskursą yra sudėtinga, kaip ir pateikti vieną bendrą pilietinės visuomenės apibrėžimą. Atsižvelgiant į pilietinės visuomenės "koncepcijos" įvairovę, straipsnyje kaip viena iš pilietinės visuomenės apraiškų analizuojamas nevyriausybinių organizacijų sektorius. Čia jis suvokiamas kaip viešųjų komponentų (angi.public components) ryšys. Straipsnyje pateikiama empirinė analizė, kurios rezultatai matomi kaip kontrastas bendram pilietinės visuomenės suvokimui, pateikiamam daugelyje "naujos pilietinės visuomenės dalyvavimą" tiriančioje literatūroje, taip pat politinių sprendimų priėmėjų praktiniam diskursui. Straipsnyje vertinant piliečių dalyvavimą remiamasi Dahlo demokratijos kriterijais: sprendimu priėmimo procesu, informacijos prieiga, teise burtis į asociacijas. Pasirinkti vertinimo kriterijai nulemia ir straipsnio struktūrą teorinės analizės kontekste. Straipsnyje taikomas komperatyvinis metodas. Lyginamos trys Baltijos šalys: Estija, Latvija ir Lietuva.

The field of public participation is developing fast, with phenomena such as citizen science and crowdsourcing extending the resource base of research, stimulating innovation and making science more accessible to the general population. Promoting public participation means giving more weight to citizens and civil society actors in the definition of research needs and in the implementation of research and innovation. As yet, there is limited understanding of the implications of widespread use of public participation and as a result, there is a risk that it will become a burden for research and an obstacle to bridging the gap between research and society. This volume presents the findings of a three-year international study on innovative public participation. The resulting work studies the characteristics and trends of innovative public participation through a global sample of 38 case studies. It provides theoretical generalisations on the dynamics of public participation, suggestions for an evaluation framework and clear empirical examples of how public participation works in practice. Illustrated by best practice cases, the authors identify characteristics which contribute to successful public participation. The book is aimed primarily at scholars and practitioners of public participation, as well as research managers, policy makers and business actors interested in related issues. There is also a secondary market for students and scholars of European governance studies, sociology and political sciences.

The field of public participation is developing fast, with phenomena such as citizen science and crowdsourcing extending the resource base of research, stimulating innovation and making science more accessible to the general population.Promoting public participation means giving more weight to citizens and civil society actors in the definition of research needs and in the implementation of research and innovation. As yet, there is limited understanding of the implications of widespread use of public participation and as a result, there is a risk that it will become a burden for research and an obstacle to bridging the gap between research and society. This volume presents the findings of a three-year international study on innovative public participation. The resulting work studies the characteristics and trends of innovative public participation through a global sample of 38 case studies. It provides theoretical generalisations on the dynamics of public participation, suggestions for an evaluation framework and clear empirical examples of how public participation works in practice. Illustrated by best practice cases, the authors identify characteristics which contribute to successful public participation. The book is aimed primarily at scholars and practitioners of public participation, as well as research managers, policy makers and business actors interested in related issues. There is also a secondary market for students and scholars of European governance studies, sociology and political sciences.